السلام عليكم قرأت حديث عن الرسول- صلى الله عليه وسلم- أنه إذا خير بين أمرين اختار الأيسر ما لم يكن فيه إثم فهل هذا كلام صحيح؟ وكيف إذا خيرنا بين أمرين أحدهما يسير والآخر غير يسير أو بالمعنى الاختلاف فى الفتاوى كيف نعلم إذا اخترنا الأيسر أن ليس فيها إثم ما هو مقياس الإثم فى المقارنة بين الفتوى اليسيرة والغير يسيرة؟
معنى حديث عائشة رضي الله عنها مَا خُيِّرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَ أَمْرَيْنِ
السلام عليكم قرأت حديث عن الرسول- صلى الله عليه وسلم- أنه إذا خير بين أمرين اختار الأيسر ما لم يكن فيه إثم فهل هذا كلام صحيح؟ وكيف إذا خيرنا بين أمرين أحدهما يسير والآخر غير يسير أو بالمعنى الاختلاف فى الفتاوى كيف نعلم إذا اخترنا الأيسر أن ليس فيها إثم ما هو مقياس الإثم فى المقارنة بين الفتوى اليسيرة والغير يسيرة؟
الجواب :
الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله , وعلى آله ومن والاه , وبعد /
فإن الحديث الذي أشار إليه السائل مخرج في الصحيحين وغيرهما من حديث عائشة-رضي الله عنها – ونصه :( مَا خُيِّرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ- صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - بَيْنَ أَمْرَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا أَيْسَرُ مِنْ الْآخَرِ إِلَّا اخْتَارَ أَيْسَرَهُمَا مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ إِثْمًا فَإِنْ كَانَ إِثْمًا كَانَ أَبْعَدَ النَّاسِ مِنْهُ )
قال صاحب عون المعبود –رحمه الله - (ج 10 / ص 306) في شرحه : ( فِيهِ اِسْتِحْبَاب الْأَخْذ بِالْأَيْسَرِ وَالْأَرْفَق مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ حَرَامًا أَوْ مَكْرُوهًا ، قَالَ الْقَاضِي : وَيَحْتَمِل أَنْ يَكُون تَخْيِيره- صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - هَاهُنَا مِنْ اللَّه تَعَالَى فَيُخَيِّرهُ فِيمَا فِيهِ عُقُوبَتَانِ أَوْ فِيمَا بَيْنه وَبَيْن الْكُفَّار مِنْ الْقِتَال وَأَخْذ الْجِزْيَة أَوْ فِي حَقّ أُمَّته فِي الْمُجَاهَدَة فِي الْعِبَادَة أَوْ الِاقْتِصَاد وَكَانَ يَخْتَار الْأَيْسَر فِي كُلّ هَذَا ..) .
والحديث كما هو ظاهر ليس فيه حجة لغير العالم في التخير بين فتاوى العلماء قبل الاجتهاد في البحث عن أعلمهم وأدينهم في نظره ؛ إذ ليس بمقدوره معرفة أقربها إلى الحق ، فالذي له حق اختيار أيسر الأمرين هو النبي- صلى الله عليه وسلم- ثم ورثته من بعده وهم العلماء ، أما طريق غير العلماء للوصول للفتوى فقد فصله ابن القيم أجمل تفصيل في كتابه القيم إعلام الموقعين عن رب العالمين (ج 5 / ص 134- ص 135- ص 149- ص 153) ؛ وخلاصته : (الصحيح أنه يَلْزَمُ الْمُسْتَفْتِي أَنْ يَجْتَهِدَ فِي أَعْيَانِ الْمُفْتِينَ وَيَسْأَلَ الْأَعْلَمَ وَالْأَدْيَنَ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ الْمُسْتَطَاعُ مِنْ تَقْوَى اللَّهِ - تَعَالَى - الْمَأْمُورِ بِهَا كُلُّ أَحَدٍ ..، فَإِنْ اخْتَلَفَ عَلَيْهِ مُفْتِيَانِ فَأَكْثَرُ ، فَهَلْ يَأْخُذُ بِأَغْلَظِ الْأَقْوَالِ ، أَوْ بِأَخَفِّهَا ، أَوْ يَتَخَيَّرُ ، أَوْ يَأْخُذُ بِقَوْلِ الْأَعْلَمِ أَوْ الْأَوْرَعِ ، أَوْ يَعْدِلُ إلَى مُفْتٍ آخَرَ ، فَيَنْظُرُ مَنْ يُوَافِقُ مِنْ الْأَوَّلَيْنِ فَيَعْمَلُ بِالْفَتْوَى الَّتِي يُوَقِّعُ عَلَيْهَا ، أَوْ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَتَحَرَّى وَيَبْحَثَ عَنْ الرَّاجِحِ بِحَسَبِهِ ؟ فِيهِ سَبْعَةُ مَذَاهِبَ ، أَرْجَحُهَا السَّابِعُ ؛ فَيَعْمَلُ كَمَا يَعْمَلُ عِنْدَ اخْتِلَافِ الطَّرِيقَيْنِ أَوْ الطَّبِيبَيْنِ أَوْ الْمُشِيرَيْنِ .. ، ولَا يَجُوزُ الْعَمَلُ بِمُجَرَّدِ فَتْوَى الْمُفْتِي إذَا لَمْ تَطْمَئِنَّ نَفْسُهُ ، وَحَاكَ فِي صَدْرِهِ مِنْ قَبُولِهِ ، وَتَرَدَّدَ فِيهَا ؛ لِقَوْلِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { اسْتَفْتِ نَفْسَكَ وَإِنْ أَفْتَاكَ النَّاسُ وَأَفْتَوْكَ } فَيَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَسْتَفْتِيَ نَفْسَهُ أَوَّلًا ، وَلَا تُخَلِّصُهُ فَتْوَى الْمُفْتِي مِنْ اللَّهِ إذَا كَانَ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ فِي الْبَاطِنِ بِخِلَافِ مَا أَفْتَاهُ ، كَمَا لَا يَنْفَعُهُ قَضَاءُ الْقَاضِي لَهُ بِذَلِكَ ، كَمَا قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : { مَنْ قَضَيْتُ لَهُ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ حَقِّ أَخِيهِ فَلَا يَأْخُذُهُ ؛ فَإِنَّمَا أَقْطَعُ لَهُ قِطْعَةً مِنْ نَارٍ } وَالْمُفْتِي وَالْقَاضِي فِي هَذَا سَوَاءٌ ، وَلَا يَظُنُّ الْمُسْتَفْتِي أَنَّ مُجَرَّدَ فَتْوَى الْفَقِيهِ تُبِيحُ لَهُ مَا سَأَلَ عَنْهُ إذَا كَانَ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِخِلَافِهِ فِي الْبَاطِنِ ، سَوَاءٌ تَرَدَّدَ أَوْ حَاكَ فِي صَدْرِهِ ، لِعِلْمِهِ بِالْحَالِ فِي الْبَاطِنِ ، أَوْ لِشَكِّهِ فِيهِ ، أَوْ لِجَهْلِهِ بِهِ ، أَوْ لِعِلْمِهِ جَهْلَ الْمُفْتِي أَوْ مُحَابَاتِهِ فِي فَتْوَاهُ أَوْ عَدَمَ تَقْيِيدِهِ بِالْكِتَابِ وَالسُّنَّةِ أَوْ لِأَنَّهُ مَعْرُوفٌ بِالْفَتْوَى بِالْحِيَلِ وَالرُّخَصِ الْمُخَالِفَةِ لِلسُّنَّةِ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ الْأَسْبَابِ الْمَانِعَةِ مِنْ الثِّقَةِ بِفَتْوَاهُ وَسُكُونِ النَّفْسِ إلَيْهَا ؛ فَإِنْ كَانَ عَدَمُ الثِّقَةِ وَالطُّمَأْنِينَةِ لِأَجْلِ الْمُفْتِي يَسْأَلُ ثَانِيًا وَثَالِثًا حَتَّى تَحْصُلَ لَهُ الطُّمَأْنِينَةُ ؛ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَلَا يُكَلِّفْ اللَّهُ نَفْسًا إلَّا وُسْعَهَا ، وَالْوَاجِبُ تَقْوَى اللَّهِ بِحَسَبِ الِاسْتِطَاعَةِ ).
وفق الله الجميع لما يحبه ويرضاه , وصلى الله على نبينا محمد , وآله وسلم .
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