الشيخ / حفظه اللّه السؤال :السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته. سؤالي هو شراء سلعة ( كمبيوتر محمول مثلا ) بالتقسيط. هنا في أمريكا تستطيع شراء سلعة بالتقسيط بنفس سعر النقد في مدة بين السنة وسنة ونصف السنة ولكن إذا لم تستطع إتمام السداد خلال هذه الفترة تحسب عليك فائدة. معلومات اضافية: 1/ احتياجي الماس لهذه السلعة ولا أملك المال الذي أستطيع به شراءها. 2/ الحكومة الأمريكية تجبر الشركات على إضافة هذا الشرط الجزائي في العقد وهو الفائدة لذا العرض مقدم من الشركة للتسويق لمنتجاتها فقط. 3/ نيتي بإذن الله السداد خلال الفترة والاحتياط بإذن الله إذا عجزت في أحد الأشهر هم بعض الاخوان. والسؤال هل يجوز لي الشراء بالتقسيط خلال فترة معينة من دون فائدة. وما أسال بحثا عن الحل ولكن بحثا عن الحق. وجزاكم الله ألف خير.
حكم البيع بالتقسيط المشترط بزيادة
الشيخ / حفظه اللّه السؤال :السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته. سؤالي هو شراء سلعة ( كمبيوتر محمول مثلا ) بالتقسيط. هنا في أمريكا تستطيع شراء سلعة بالتقسيط بنفس سعر النقد في مدة بين السنة وسنة ونصف السنة ولكن إذا لم تستطع إتمام السداد خلال هذه الفترة تحسب عليك فائدة. معلومات اضافية: 1/ احتياجي الماس لهذه السلعة ولا أملك المال الذي أستطيع به شراءها. 2/ الحكومة الأمريكية تجبر الشركات على إضافة هذا الشرط الجزائي في العقد وهو الفائدة لذا العرض مقدم من الشركة للتسويق لمنتجاتها فقط. 3/ نيتي بإذن الله السداد خلال الفترة والاحتياط بإذن الله إذا عجزت في أحد الأشهر هم بعض الاخوان. والسؤال هل يجوز لي الشراء بالتقسيط خلال فترة معينة من دون فائدة. وما أسال بحثا عن الحل ولكن بحثا عن الحق. وجزاكم الله ألف خير.
الجواب :
الحمد لله , والصلاة , والسلام على رسول الله , وعلى آله , ومن والاه , وبعد / فإن اشتراط الزيادة في حال التأخر في السداد شرط جزائي باطل ؛ لأنه يؤدي إلى الوقوع في الرباالصريح المشابه لربا الجاهلية بقولهم : ( إما أن تَقضي ، وإما أن تُربي ) ، ولكن هل مثل هذا الشرط الباطل يبطل العقد ؟ أم يصح العقد , ويبطل الشرط فقط ؟ قولان لأهل العلم : أشهرها : القول ببطلان العقد لبطلان الشرط ، وممن قال بصحة العقد وبطلان الشرطالإمام أحمد -رحمه الله تعالى – في رواية عنه , ودليله ما روي عن عائشة – رضي الله تعالى عنه – قَالَتْ : جَاءَتْ بَرِيرَةُ فَقَالَتْ إِنِّي كَاتَبْتُ أَهْلِي عَلَى تِسْعِ أَوَاقٍ فِي كُلِّ عَامٍ أُوَقِيَّةٌ فَأَعِينِينِي فَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ : إِنْ أَحَبَّ أَهْلُكِ أَنْ أَعُدَّهَا لَهُمْ عَدَّةً وَاحِدَةً , وَأُعْتِقَكِ فَعَلْتُ , وَيَكُونَ وَلَاؤُكِ لِي فَذَهَبَتْ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا فَأَبَوْا ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهَا , فَقَالَتْ : إِنِّي قَدْ عَرَضْتُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَأَبَوْا إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الْوَلَاءُ لَهُمْ , فَسَمِعَ بِذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - فَسَأَلَنِي , فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ , فَقَالَ : خُذِيهَا فَأَعْتِقِيهَا وَاشْتَرِطِي لَهُمْ الْوَلَاءَ , فَإِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ . قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ : فَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - فِي النَّاسِ , فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ , وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ , ثُمَّ قَالَ : أَمَّا بَعْدُ : فَمَا بَالُ رِجَالٍ مِنْكُمْ يَشْتَرِطُونَ شُرُوطًا لَيْسَتْ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ , فَأَيُّمَا شَرْطٍ لَيْسَ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ ؛ فَهُوَ بَاطِلٌ , وَإِنْ كَانَ مِائَةَ شَرْطٍ , فَقَضَاءُ اللَّهِ أَحَقُّ , وَشَرْطُ اللَّهِ أَوْثَقُ , مَا بَالُ رِجَالٍ مِنْكُمْ يَقُولُ أَحَدُهُمْ أَعْتِقْ يَا فُلَانُ وَلِيَ الْوَلَاءُ ؛ إِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ . متفق عليه .
ووجه الدلالة من هذا الحديث : أن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - صحح عقد الشراء مع إبطال الشرط ، وبناء على هذا القول ؛ جوز طائفة من العلماء المعاصرين مثل هذا العقد بشرط أن تكون نية المشتري الوفاء قبل حلول الأجل بقدر القيمة فقط , ودون أي زيادة ، وأن يغلب على ظنه القدرة على السداد قبل حلول الأجل . وهذا قول له وجاهته غير أن مثلك أيها السائل في بلد لا يحكم بالشريعة الإسلامية , وعليه لو قُدِّرَ , وتأخرت في السداد ؛ ستُلزم بدفع الزيادة , وبالتالي تكون مُوكِلًا للربا دون ضرورة .
وفق الله الجميع , وييسر لهم أمورهم , وأغناهم بحلاله عن حرامه .
وصلى الله على نبينا محمد , وآله وسلم .




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